A oportunidade “faz” o ladrão? Perspectivas alternativas da análise situacional do crime
Palavras-chave:
Crime e oportunidade, Análise situacional do crime, Análise configuracional do crime
Resumo
A sociologia do crime sustenta um tipo de percepção negativa que está fortemente associada à ênfase que atribui aos supostos fatores causais da conduta criminosa, muitos dos quais intangíveis inclusive do ponto de vista da intervenção estatal. Nesse campo de pesquisa as perspectivas que buscam compreender os contextos de oportunidade que antecedem as ocorrências criminais têm se mostrado muito úteis no tratamento teórico e na validação empírica de hipóteses. O artigo discute um dos pressupostos básicos da análise situacional do crime, a oportunidade, a partir da seguinte questão: Será mesmo que a oportunidade “faz” ladrão? A partir de ampla revisão bibliográfica, foi possível atestar que as teorias das quais deriva o referido argumento sustentado pelo senso comum, não dão margem para tal assertiva. A oportunidade não “faz” o criminoso, ela o “revela”, pois a condição de ser criminoso é anterior à oportunidade.Referências
AINSWORTH, P. Offender profiling and crime analysis. Devon: Willan Publishing, 2013.
BEATO, C. Crime e cidades. Belo Horizonte: Editora da UFMG, 2010.
BECKER, G. Crime and punishment: an economic approach. In: FIELDING, N. et al. (Eds.). The economic dimensions of crime. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1968, p. 13-68.
BENSON, M. L.; SIMPSON, S. S. Understanding white-collar crime: an opportunity perspective. New York: Routledge, 2014.
BEAUREGARD, E. et al. Script analysis of hunting process in serial sex offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, v. 34, p. 1069-1084, 2007.
BOTELHO, M.; GONÇALVES, R. A. Julgar quem mata: a decisão judicial em processos-crime de homicídio. Análise Psicológica, v. 36, n. 1, p. 15-29, 2018.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Crime pattern theory. In: WORTLEY, R.; MAZEROLLE, L. (Eds.). Environmental criminology and crime analysis. Devon: Willan Publishing, 2008, p. 78-93.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Criminality of place. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, v. 3, n. 3, p. 5-26, 1995.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Environment, routine, and situation: toward a patterns theory of crime. In: CLARKE, R.; FELSON, M. (Eds.). Routine activity and rational choice: advances in criminological theory. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993, p. 259-294.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Patterns in crime. New York: Macmillan, 1984.
CAPONE, D. L.; NICHOLS, W. W. Urban structure and criminal mobility. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 20, n. 2, p. 199-213, 1976.
CLINARD, M. B. The process of urbanization and criminal behavior. American Journal of Sociology, v. 48, n. 2, p. 202-213, 1942.
COHEN, L.; FELSON, M. Social change and crime rate trends: routine activities approach. American Sociological Review, v. 44, n. 4, p. 588-607, 1979.
CORNISH, D.; CLARKE, R. (Eds.). The reasoning criminal: rational choice perspectives on offending. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2014.
CORNISH, D.; CLARKE, R. Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: a reply to Wortley’s critique of situational crime prevention. In: SMITH, M. J.; CORNISH, D. (Eds.). Crime prevention studies: theory for pratice in situational crime prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 1986, p. 41-96.
ECK, J. The crime-place Chacham*. Criminology & Public Policy, v. 17, n. 1, p. 27-30, 2018.
ECK, J. Preventing crime at places. In: SHERMAN, L. et al. (Eds.). Evidence-based crime prevention. New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 241-294.
FELSON, M; ECKERT, M. A. Crime and everyday life: a brief introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2018.
GROFF, E.; LOCKWOOD, B. Criminogenic facilities and crime across street segments in Philadelphia: uncovering evidence about the spatial extent of facility influence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, v. 5, n. 3, p. 277-314, 2014.
JACOBS, B. Robbing drug dealers: violence beyond the law. New York: Routledge, 2017.
JOHNSON, S. D.; GUERETTE, R. T.; BOWERS, K. Crime displacement: what we know, what we don’t know, and what it means for crime reduction. Journal of Experimental Criminology, v. 10, n. 4, p. 549-571, 2014.
LOTTIER, S. Regions of criminal mobility: introduction to a Detroit Study. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, v. 28, p. 657-673, 1937.
LUSSIER, P.; BOUCHARD, M.; BEAUREGARD, E. Patterns of criminal achievement in sexual offending: unravelling the ‘successful’ sex offender. Journal of Criminal Justice, v. 39, n. 5, p. 433-444, 2011.
MAZEROLLE, L. G. Policing places with drug problems. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996.
MORSELLI, C.; ROYER, M. N. Criminal mobility and criminal achievement. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, v. 45, n. 1, p. 4-21, 2008.
NEWMAN, O. Architectural design for crime prevention. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1973.
NEWMAN, O. Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
RATCLIFFE, J. The spatial extent of criminogenic places: a changepoint regression of violence around bars. Geographical Analysis, v. 44, p. 302-320, 2012.
REPPETTO, T. Crime prevention and the displacement phenomenon. Crime & Delinquency, v. 22, n. 2, p. 166-177, 1976.
ROSSMO, K. Geographic profiling in cold case investigations. In: WALTON, Richard. (Ed.). Cold case homicides: practical investigative techniques, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006, p. 537-560.
SUMMERS, L.; ROSSMO, D. K. Aplicaciones prácticas de la teoría de las actividades rutinarias a la investigación criminal. In: LLINARES, F. M. et al. (Eds.). Crimen, oportunidad y vida diaria. Libro homenaje al Profesor Dr. Marcus Felson. Madrid: Dykinson, 2015, p. 171-186.
VALENTE, R. Spatial and temporal patterns of violent crime in a Brazilian state capital: a quantitative analysis focusing on micro places and small units of time. Applied Geography, v. 103, p. 90-97, 2019.
WEISBURD, D. From criminals to criminal contexts: reorienting crime prevention research and policy. In: WARING, E.; WEISBURD, D. (Eds.). Crime and social organization. New York: Routledge, 2018, p. 215-234.
WEISBURD, D.; ECK, J. (Eds.). Unraveling the crime-place connection: new directions in theory and policy. New York: Routledge, 2017.
WILCOX, P.; CULLEN, F. T. Situational opportunity theories of crime. Annual Review of Criminology, v. 1, n. 1, p. 123-148, 2018.
BEATO, C. Crime e cidades. Belo Horizonte: Editora da UFMG, 2010.
BECKER, G. Crime and punishment: an economic approach. In: FIELDING, N. et al. (Eds.). The economic dimensions of crime. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1968, p. 13-68.
BENSON, M. L.; SIMPSON, S. S. Understanding white-collar crime: an opportunity perspective. New York: Routledge, 2014.
BEAUREGARD, E. et al. Script analysis of hunting process in serial sex offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, v. 34, p. 1069-1084, 2007.
BOTELHO, M.; GONÇALVES, R. A. Julgar quem mata: a decisão judicial em processos-crime de homicídio. Análise Psicológica, v. 36, n. 1, p. 15-29, 2018.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Crime pattern theory. In: WORTLEY, R.; MAZEROLLE, L. (Eds.). Environmental criminology and crime analysis. Devon: Willan Publishing, 2008, p. 78-93.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Criminality of place. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, v. 3, n. 3, p. 5-26, 1995.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Environment, routine, and situation: toward a patterns theory of crime. In: CLARKE, R.; FELSON, M. (Eds.). Routine activity and rational choice: advances in criminological theory. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993, p. 259-294.
BRANTINGHAM, P.; BRANTINGHAM, P. Patterns in crime. New York: Macmillan, 1984.
CAPONE, D. L.; NICHOLS, W. W. Urban structure and criminal mobility. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 20, n. 2, p. 199-213, 1976.
CLINARD, M. B. The process of urbanization and criminal behavior. American Journal of Sociology, v. 48, n. 2, p. 202-213, 1942.
COHEN, L.; FELSON, M. Social change and crime rate trends: routine activities approach. American Sociological Review, v. 44, n. 4, p. 588-607, 1979.
CORNISH, D.; CLARKE, R. (Eds.). The reasoning criminal: rational choice perspectives on offending. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2014.
CORNISH, D.; CLARKE, R. Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: a reply to Wortley’s critique of situational crime prevention. In: SMITH, M. J.; CORNISH, D. (Eds.). Crime prevention studies: theory for pratice in situational crime prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 1986, p. 41-96.
ECK, J. The crime-place Chacham*. Criminology & Public Policy, v. 17, n. 1, p. 27-30, 2018.
ECK, J. Preventing crime at places. In: SHERMAN, L. et al. (Eds.). Evidence-based crime prevention. New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 241-294.
FELSON, M; ECKERT, M. A. Crime and everyday life: a brief introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2018.
GROFF, E.; LOCKWOOD, B. Criminogenic facilities and crime across street segments in Philadelphia: uncovering evidence about the spatial extent of facility influence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, v. 5, n. 3, p. 277-314, 2014.
JACOBS, B. Robbing drug dealers: violence beyond the law. New York: Routledge, 2017.
JOHNSON, S. D.; GUERETTE, R. T.; BOWERS, K. Crime displacement: what we know, what we don’t know, and what it means for crime reduction. Journal of Experimental Criminology, v. 10, n. 4, p. 549-571, 2014.
LOTTIER, S. Regions of criminal mobility: introduction to a Detroit Study. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, v. 28, p. 657-673, 1937.
LUSSIER, P.; BOUCHARD, M.; BEAUREGARD, E. Patterns of criminal achievement in sexual offending: unravelling the ‘successful’ sex offender. Journal of Criminal Justice, v. 39, n. 5, p. 433-444, 2011.
MAZEROLLE, L. G. Policing places with drug problems. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996.
MORSELLI, C.; ROYER, M. N. Criminal mobility and criminal achievement. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, v. 45, n. 1, p. 4-21, 2008.
NEWMAN, O. Architectural design for crime prevention. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1973.
NEWMAN, O. Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
RATCLIFFE, J. The spatial extent of criminogenic places: a changepoint regression of violence around bars. Geographical Analysis, v. 44, p. 302-320, 2012.
REPPETTO, T. Crime prevention and the displacement phenomenon. Crime & Delinquency, v. 22, n. 2, p. 166-177, 1976.
ROSSMO, K. Geographic profiling in cold case investigations. In: WALTON, Richard. (Ed.). Cold case homicides: practical investigative techniques, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006, p. 537-560.
SUMMERS, L.; ROSSMO, D. K. Aplicaciones prácticas de la teoría de las actividades rutinarias a la investigación criminal. In: LLINARES, F. M. et al. (Eds.). Crimen, oportunidad y vida diaria. Libro homenaje al Profesor Dr. Marcus Felson. Madrid: Dykinson, 2015, p. 171-186.
VALENTE, R. Spatial and temporal patterns of violent crime in a Brazilian state capital: a quantitative analysis focusing on micro places and small units of time. Applied Geography, v. 103, p. 90-97, 2019.
WEISBURD, D. From criminals to criminal contexts: reorienting crime prevention research and policy. In: WARING, E.; WEISBURD, D. (Eds.). Crime and social organization. New York: Routledge, 2018, p. 215-234.
WEISBURD, D.; ECK, J. (Eds.). Unraveling the crime-place connection: new directions in theory and policy. New York: Routledge, 2017.
WILCOX, P.; CULLEN, F. T. Situational opportunity theories of crime. Annual Review of Criminology, v. 1, n. 1, p. 123-148, 2018.
Publicado
2022-06-28
Como Citar
Nascimento, F., & Neto, A. (2022). A oportunidade “faz” o ladrão? Perspectivas alternativas da análise situacional do crime. EDUCTE: Revista Científica Do Instituto Federal De Alagoas, 13(1), 1842-1855. Recuperado de https://periodicos.ifal.edu.br/educte/article/view/2027
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